The Contrarian View:
Why the Fed might hike Interest rates in June
By Gary Dorsch
Editor Global Money Trends magazine
Jun 6. 2006
Twenty four months ago, the Federal Reserve embarked on a long,
but predictable road of lifting the federal funds rate, aiming
to reach an unknown "neutral rate" a sweet spot that
would protect both price stability and maximum US employment.
At each of the past 16 Fed meetings, the outcome was never in
doubt. The Fed delivered a widely telegraphed, quarter-point
rate hike.
But closer attention was always focused on the Fed's statement
about the economy that might provide clues about its next move
on interest rates. However, for the first time during the current
rate hike cycle, there are widely split opinions about which
poison the Fed will choose on June 29th, either a quarter-point
rate hike to 5.25% or standing pat at 5.00%. Both options carry
big risks for the US economy!
The Federal
Reserve's Mandate for Full Employment
When US Labor apparatchniks
reported on June 2nd that employers added just 75,000 new jobs
in May, the fewest in seven months, and just a quarter of the
new jobs created in February, it suddenly became fashionable
on Wall Street to predict a pause in the Fed's rate hike campaign
at 5.0 percent. Within minutes before and after the Labor report,
the odds of a quarter-point Fed rate hike to 5.25% on June 29th
fell to 48% from an 80% chance earlier in the week.
As evident from the chart above,
when the US economy was losing jobs in 2000 thru mid-2003, the
Greenspan Fed was quick to slash the fed funds rate in half-point
increments, and then kept the overnight loan rate pinned at just
1% for an entire year, until the economy generated between 100,000
and 300,000 jobs per month in 2004. Once job creation was on
firm footing, the Fed began to dismantle its ultra-easy money
policy in slow motion. As long as the US economy continued to
create 100,000 to 250,000 jobs per month, the Fed kept lifting
the fed funds rate.
How should traders read the
latest slump in US employment below the psychological level of
100,000 jobs? Chicago Fed chief Michael Moskow downplayed signs
of slowing job growth, and instead, said the drop in the US jobless
rate to 4.6% in May, "likely indicates a vibrant labor market
in which more firms may begin to bid up wages to attract and
retain workers." He also said the rate of job growth "on
balance has been solid in recent months" despite some ups
and downs.
Moskow said labor force trends
meant that the past rule of thumb that 150,000 new jobs a month
was consistent with a steady jobless rate probably no longer
held. The figure now may be closer to 100,000 jobs, as growth
in the population slows while the percentage of the population
in the labor force looked unlikely to rise. Moskow said forecasts
for 3.5% growth this year and 3% in 2007 were "reasonable."
The Fed's favorite measure
of core inflation that strips out the bare necessities of life,
food and energy costs, rose 2.1% YoY through April. Moskow said
"1% to 2%" was his "comfort zone" on core
inflation but that it was better to be in the middle of that
range than stuck at the top. "I think monetary policy should
be calibrated to bring us back to the middle of the range over
time, and remain vigilant for signs of incipient inflation and
adjust its stance accordingly," Moskow said on June 2nd.
Asked to comment on the financial
markets' perception that the May jobs report tipped the balance
in favor of a Fed pause this month, Moskow begged to differ.
"We look at dozens and dozens of indicators and take all
these into consideration in terms of how these indicators influence
our outlook for the economy. So you can't single out one single
indicator and say that will result in the Fed doing X or doing
Y."
Federal Reserve's
top priority - Defend the US dollar
There are other factors besides
the US employment rate that could still persuade the Fed to lift
the fed funds rate to 5.25% in June. If the Fed pauses at 5.00%
on June 29th, currency traders might figure that the fed funds
rate had peaked, and after an extended pause, the next shift
in Fed policy would be a rate cut. That could trigger an immediate
speculative attack against the US dollar against key reserve
currencies, such as the British pound, the Euro, Japanese yen,
and Swiss franc.
Indeed, the stiff corrections
in industrial commodities and gold in the month of May were linked
to expectations of a Fed rate hike to 5.25%. US dollar denominated
commodities such as crude oil, copper, gold, silver, and zinc,
the premier leaders of the "Commodity Super Cycle"
could recover their bruising losses suffered last month, if the
Fed holds rates steady, supported by a weaker US dollar. Inflation
fears could re-ignite in global G-7 bond markets, lifting long
term yields by a quarter-point.
San Francisco chief Janet Yellen,
a voting member of the FOMC, is concerned about higher inflation
emanating from a weaker US dollar. On May 27th, Yellen said,
"A depreciating dollar would appear to call for a response
of tighter policy by potentially stimulating export demand, while
raising import prices. Appropriate policy actions by the Fed
to anchor inflation to price stability, are essential to ensure
that supply shocks do not become embedded in inflation expectations."
Cleveland Fed chief Sandra
Pianalto warned on May 2nd, that foreign investors could tire
of financing the US current account deficit, with serious implications
for Fed policy. "At some point, international investors,
including governments will become reluctant to add additional
US dollar-denominated claims to their portfolios. At that point,
higher interest rates on dollar-denominated assets and, possibly,
a decline in the spot value of the dollar will be necessary to
overcome their reluctance."
Pianaltos' dire scenario appears
to already be unfolding. While the Fed has restored the federal
funds rate to 5.00%, a five year high, the US dollar remains
chronically weak. The 30% devaluation of the US dollar index
from its double-top at 120 in 2002 to the 84-level last week,
was accompanied by a near doubling of the US current account
deficit, which measures foreign trade and international financial
flows.
The US current account deficit
widened to a record $224.9 billion in the fourth quarter 2005,
around 7% of gross domestic product. That brought the 2005 deficit
to a record $804.9 billion, or 6.4% of GDP. The gap would have
been wider without a large swing in foreign direct investment
flows to a $107.1 billion surplus in 2005 from a $145.1 billion
deficit the year before, largely due to one-off tax breaks offered
to US corporations repatriating funds back home. Those tax beaks
have expired.
On April 11th, Dallas Fed chief
Richard Fischer said the central bank will do whatever it takes
to maintain the integrity of the US dollar, and to insure inflation
doesn't "raise its ugly head". "In addition to
a faith-based currency, we are the currency of the world and
we must maintain its integrity. I will spend every ounce of energy
doing that. I have no doubt that my colleagues will do exactly
the same."
Since Fischer's rhetoric however,
the US$ has lost about 4-5% against the Euro and Japanese yen,
and the greenback is gyrating at April 2005 levels, when the
federal funds rate was pegged at 2.75%. The US dollar is skating
on thin ice, and a pause in the Fed's rate hike campaign at 5.00%,
could give currency traders the green light, to probe the US$
index lows near the 81-level set in December 2004.
Bank of Japan
and European Central Bank set to hike rates
Nearly two-thirds of the US
dollar's counter-trend rally in 2005 has already unraveled in
the past three months, as currency traders sense a peak in the
US federal funds rate around the corner. And while the Fed is
winding down its rate hike cycle, the Bank of Japan is dismantling
its five-year ultra-easy money policy of "quantitative easing",
draining 26 trillion yen ($220 billion) out of the Japanese banking
system, and knocking the US dollar to as low as 109-yen in late
May.
Higher Japanese bond yields,
a tighter BOJ monetary policy, and a weaker US dollar are taking
their toll on the Nikkei-225, which plunged 10.7% from its April
high to as low as 15,400 on June 2nd. Japan's top government
spokesman reiterated on May 30th, that he wants the central bank
to continue supporting the economy with its current policy of
guiding key short-term interest rates to near zero percent.
"Monetary policy is up
to the BOJ. But we still hope that the BOJ will continue working
together with the government to make sure that the economy fully
emerges from deflation and will not return to it," said
Chief Cabinet Secretary Shinzo Abe. "I think there is a
need for them to fully support the economy by continuing with
the zero interest rate policy," he added.
Still, futures markets in Chicago
and Singapore unanimously predict that the BOJ will hike its
overnight loan rate by a half-percent to 0.50% in the months
ahead, with Japanese "core" consumer inflation expected
to hover near 0.6% this year. A unilateral BOJ rate hike would
exert further downward pressure on the US dollar, to the detriment
of Japanese exporters to China and the US.
The other major player, the
European Central Bank is lingering far behind the inflation curve,
with the Euro M3 money supply exploding at an 8.8% annualized
rate in April, nearly double the bank's original target of 4.5%,
deemed consistent with low inflation. The ECB is expected to
hike its repo rate by three-quarter points to 3.25% by year's
end, starting with a 0.25% rate hike to 2.75% on June 8th.
Expectations of a half-point
ECB rate hike to 3.00% on June 8th, seem overblown with the Euro
bumping against the psychological $1.30 level. Instead, the ECB
could opt for the go slow approach with its baby-step, quarter-point
rate hikes, once every three months. The Swiss National Bank
is sure to follow the ECB with a similar line of rate hikes from
a Libor target of 1.25% to as high as 2.00% by year's end.
Unilateral rate hikes by the
ECB could exert upward pressure on the Euro, presenting a double
whammy for the EuroStoxx-600 index. Germany's Deputy Finance
Minister Thomas Mirow said on May 21st, "The whole story
is to be seen through the panorama of the dollar. We do not want
to see abrupt changes of exchange rates. So at the level of $1.27-$1.30
we see no acute problems for Germany," he added.
A weaker US dollar subtracts
from income of European multinationals that is earned in the
United States. And because the Chinese yuan is pegged to the
US dollar, earnings from China will also be cut down in size,
which is particularly bad news for German industrialists. Ironically,
the Bank of Japan and the ECB might welcome a quarter-point Fed
rate hike to 5.25%, to help steady the US dollar.
Russia Shifting
away from the US Dollar
The Fed's job of protecting
the integrity of the US dollar became much more difficult, on
April 18th, when Russian finance chief Alexei Kudrin questioned
the US$'s status as the world reserve currency, triggering an
avalanche of US$ sales. Russia's foreign currency reserves soared
by $6 billion to a record high of $243 billion last week, with
an increasing share of Euros and sterling, confirming Moscow's
cooling to the US dollar as a dependable store of value.
Russia, the world's #2 oil exporter, has been piling up FX reserves
at a breakneck pace as the central bank buys up petro-dollars
and prints Russian rubles to defend a competitive exchange rate.
On May 24th, Kudrin said a segment of reserves stashed in a $71.5
billion stabilization fund would be invested 45% each in US dollars
and Euros, and for the first time, 10% in British pounds. Euros
have accounted for only 25-30% of the central bank's reserves
in the past.
Equally important, the Russian
Trading System (RTS) is expected to start trading from June 8th,
futures and options for Russian Urals blend crude, and gas oil,
fuel oil and jet kerosene. With Russian oil production of more
than 9 million barrels per day and exports of over 5 million
bpd, Urals output dwarfs the North Sea Brent futures in London
and the US light sweet crude in New York, traded in US dollars.
Most importantly, the RTS contracts are denominated in Russian
rubles, which could greatly weaken European demand for the
US dollar.
Upward pressure on the Russian
ruble /dollar rate has increased since Kremlin kingpin Vladimir
Putin instructed finance officials on May 12th, to make the Russian
currency freely convertible by July 1st, six months ahead of
plan. Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, confirmed that schedule,
which would make it easier for foreign investors to buy Russian
government bonds or Urals futures and options, and also for Russians
to invest abroad, following the abolition of capital controls.
The Treasury
Bond and Gold Vigilantes Resurrected
The Fed's dilemma about its
upcoming rate decision becomes even more hazardous, now that
US Treasury benchmark yields are starting to track the hard dollars
and cents that are moving the gold and commodities markets, and
to a lesser extent, the inflation statistics fashioned by government
apparatchniks. The decline in the US Treasury 10-year yield below
5.00% on June 2nd, was hardly surprising, after gold prices retreated
nearly 12% below their 25-year highs of $730 per ounce.
If the Bernanke-led Fed decides
to stand pat at 5.00% on June 29th, as the majority of Wall Street
bond dealers expect, it could trigger further US dollar sales,
and in turn lift the gold market, possibly as high as $700 per
ounce. That in turn, could prompt the G-7 bond market vigilantes
to lift long term bond yields, contrary to conventional logic
among Wall Street equity salesman.
The Fed's reckless decision
to abandon the reporting of the M3 money supply on March 24th,
removed a major source of transparency over the central bank's
operations, and resurrected the gold and bond vigilantes. It
will become much more difficult for G-7 central bankers to inflate
their stock markets by increasing the money supply, under a market
imposed de-facto gold standard.
Fed is "Shooting
from the Hip"
On May 23rd, Fed chief Ben
"Helicopter" Bernanke taking a question about inflation
and interest rates from Senator Jim Bunning, acknowledged that,
"there are some upside inflation risks to the economy. Some
additional firming of policy might yet be needed in order to
address those risks. We also noted at that time that our thinking
on this would be very data dependent. We'd be looking at the
data as they come in, making a decision on the full picture,
and we have about a month to go."
Thus, the Bernanke Fed is pursuing
a monetary policy of "shooting from the hip", sizing
up each piece of economic data and market blips as they flash
across the computer screen. But against a backdrop of high energy
prices and with the US housing boom cooling, the US economy's
outlook is now more ambiguous, said New York Fed chief Timothy
Geithner. This adds to the near-impossibility of getting interest
rates at a level that neither stimulates nor hinders economic
growth in an environment of stable inflation.
"Economic concepts that
are critical to our understanding of the economy may be difficult
or impossible to capture in practice. One such concept is the
neutral or equilibrium interest rate," Geithner said, adding
that the range for such a rate may be as wide as 100 basis points
or more, and the center of that range "tends to move around
quite a bit."
Geithner noted that, with the
boom in the US housing market appearing to be cooling, it is
harder to confidently predict if the strength of consumer spending
will be sustained. "In any case, but particularly in an
environment of rising uncertainty, the Fed must maintain its
commitment to keeping inflation contained," he said, leaning
towards the hawkish view on June 29th.
At a Congressional hearing
on November 15th, 2005 on his nomination to lead the Fed, the
former Princeton professor Ben Bernanke said that ensuring price
stability was the means that full employment could be secured.
"I will maintain the focus on long-term price stability
as monetary policy's greatest contribution to general economic
prosperity and maximum employment," he said.
However, the fed funds rate
stood at 4.00% when Bernanke vowed to be tough on inflation in
November, and has authorized two quarter-point rates hikes as
Fed chief, in an effort to shed some of his dovish feathers.
Would Bernanke try to convert himself into a hawk by hiking the
fed funds rate by a quarter or a half-point above the 5.00% neutral
rate to defend the US dollar and fight off commodity inflation?
US Housing
Stocks, Under Siege from higher Interest Rates
Of course, the biggest risk
of a tighter Fed policy is deflating the US housing bubble, a
great source of wealth and confidence among US households, whose
consumption accounts for roughly 70% of US economic activity.
US home building stocks have slid 37% below their all-time highs
of August 2005, to their lowest point since December 2004, measured
by the Dow Jones US Home Construction index.
"If real estate prices
begin to erode, homeowners should not expect to see all the gains
of recent years preserved by monetary policy actions,' said Fed
governor Donald Kohn on March 16th. In his remarks, Kohn attacked
the popular "Greenspan put" theory that Fed policy
would always protect investors from sharp asset market drops
while doing nothing to restrain these markets when prices rise.
"This argument strikes
me as a misreading of history," Kohn said. "Conventional
policy as practiced by the Federal Reserve has not insulated
investors from downside risk. Whatever might have once been thought
about the existence of a 'Greenspan put,' stock market investors
could not have endured the experience of the last five years
in the United States and concluded that they were hedged on the
downside by asymmetric monetary policy," Kohn said.
"The same consideration
applies to US homeowners. All else being equal, interest rates
are higher now than they would be were real estate valuations
less lofty, and if real estate prices begin to erode, homeowners
should not expect to see all the gains of recent years preserved
by monetary policy actions," Kohn said.
Pulte Homes (PHM.N) on June
2nd, slashed its full year profit outlook by 20% to $4.85 /share,
amid higher interest rates, underlining the slowing of the US
housing market and sending the #2 US home builder's shares to
their lowest level in 16 months. In April, Pulte, Centex and
Beazer Homes all reported double-digit declines in home orders
as rising mortgage rates and housing prices pressured buyers.
Pulte, said preliminary net new orders for April and May were
down about 29% from the year-earlier period, totaling 6,447 units.
On May 24th, recently appointed
Fed governor Randall Kroszner argued that a weaker housing market
was a good reason to hold rates steady at the next Fed meeting.
"We want to think about the unpredictable lags that can
sometimes come from changes in interest rates and also changes
in energy prices. We are mindful of looking at all the pieces
of data on that," he said.
"We have had strong growth
so far this year. It is likely to moderate to a more sustainable
pace. We're seeing some evidence of a gradual cooling in the
housing market. We want to be looking through the windshield,
we don't want to just be looking at the rear view mirror,"
Krosner said.
Defying the
Inverted Yield Curve
The Federal Reserve has gradually
lifted its overnight loan rate by 400 basis points to 5.00% over
the past 23-months, yet the Treasury's ten year yield had barely
budged. The ten year yield rose by only 55 basis points to 5.00%,
since the rate hike campaign began in June 2004. The 6-month
US dollar Libor rate is yielding a slightly higher 5.30% in London,
and signaling an inverted yield curve.
The last three Fed rate hikes
took place while the US 6-month Libor rate traded above the US
Treasury's 10-year yield. Usually, when lenders are willing to
accept lower interest rates for longer term debt than for shorter
term deposits, it is a signal that the US economy is about to
experience a serious slowdown or even a recession within twelve
months. The last time the bond market witnessed an inverted yield
curve was six years ago, at the height of the frenzy for internet
and high tech stocks.
All US recessions have been
presaged by an inverted curve, but not all inverted curves have
resulted in a recession. At the moment, the inversion would at
least signal slower economic growth, but few traders are convinced
it would spell a contraction of gross domestic product for two
consecutive quarters, the typical definition of a recession.
Still, another Fed rate hike to 5.25% could spell a deeper inversion
of the yield curve, heightening worries about an economic downturn.
"I would not interpret
the very flat yield curve as indicating a significant economic
slowdown," said Fed chief Bernanke, on March 20th. "Short-and
long-term rates are narrowing because investors are willing at
accept less risk due to stable inflation, the implications for
future economic activity are positive rather than negative. If
spending depends on long-term interest rates and special factors
lower those rates, then overall demand will be stimulated and
a higher short-term rate is required."
"Could we make a mistake
by carrying the restriction too far? The answer is yes we could.
But we have to balance the inflation risk against the risks of
undershooting on progress in increasing employment," said
St Louis Fed chief William Poole on February 24th. "Should
we make a policy mistake, we should be able to back off without
a recession developing. I don't think that the expansion is fragile.
And if it turns out that it tapers down, what you'll see is a
pretty prompt decline in interest rates in the marketplace, followed
by a Federal Reserve reduction," he said.
The last time the US Treasury
market was inverted in 2000, stock market investors were not
afraid, and argued that its shape reflected the Clinton administration's
retirement of longer term debt from huge budget surpluses. But
the Nasdaq and S&P 500 did begin to implode in 2001 and an
eight month economic recession arrived in 2002. Today, in May
2006, there is speculation that the US housing bubble might deflate
next, bringing on a recession and an easier Fed policy in 2007
or earlier.
Showdown with
Iran, Ayatollah Threatens to Unleash the Oil Weapon
How would the Bernanke Fed
and other foreign central banks react to an oil price spike to
$80 per barrel or higher, if Iran's Ayatollah cuts back on oil
exports to the hostile nations threatening sanctions in the UN
Security Council? Higher oil prices are bound to exert upward
pressure on inflation, and could inspire a recovery in other
commodities such as gold, silver, and possibly base metals.
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, supreme
leader of the world's fourth largest oil exporter, said on June
4th, "If the United States makes a wrong move regarding
Iran, definitely the energy flow in this region will be seriously
endangered. We are committed to our national interests and whoever
threatens it will experience the sharpness of this nation's anger,"
he warned.
Khamenei spoke from a podium
emblazoned with Khomeini's words "America cannot do a damn
thing." His speech listed what he said were US failures
in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Palestinian territories and elsewhere
in the area. "You (the United States) are not capable of
securing energy flows in this region," he said, addressing
the crowd who were packed into Khomeini's mausoleum, south of
Tehran.
Although Iran holds the world's
second largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia, it lacks refining
capacity and needs to import more than 40% of its astronomical
60 to 70 million litres per day gasoline consumption. Although
initial reports are sketchy, UN sanctions could include a complete
embargo of refined gasoline exports to Iran.
Iran's Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's
populist government, which draws its support from the poor, would
faced with a very unpopular choice of hiking petrol prices or
rationing fuel from September, a big potential source of social
unrest, in an economy where the jobless rate is estimated at
anywhere from 16% to 30 percent.
Iran will continue to price
its oil sales in US dollars but can receive payment in other
foreign currency needed by the central bank, Iranian Oil Minister
Kazem Vaziri-Hameneh said on June 4th. "Although pricing
is in US dollars, our receipts can be in any foreign exchange."
A strategic ally of the Ayatollah, Venezuelan President Hugo
Chavez said in May that his country might price its oil in Euros.
Thus, if sanctions are applied against Iran, the US dollar could
come under speculative attack, lending support to dollar denominated
commodities.
As for Bernanke's response
to an oil shock, in October 2004 he said, "I would argue
that the Fed's response to the inflationary effects of an increase
in oil prices should depend to some extent on the economy's starting
point. If inflation has recently been on the low side of the
desirable range, and the available evidence suggests that inflation
expectations are likewise low and firmly anchored, then monetary
policy need not tighten and could conceivably ease in the wake
of an oil-price shock."
Double Edged
Sword for S&P 500 index
The weaker US dollar helps
the S&P 500 index in several critical ways. First, it makes
US products cheaper overseas, which is crucial considering that
roughly 40% of S&P 500 corporate profits come from overseas
operations. Second, a weaker dollar makes it harder for foreign
companies to compete on US soil, giving US based companies more
power to raise prices at home. And most immediately, S&P
500 companies that sell goods overseas can book instant gains
when they convert foreign currencies back into US dollars.
But a weak US dollar that is
breathing on life-support can also be a negative factor for the
S&P 500, if the Fed decides that its top priority is to defend
the greenback above all else. Other central banks might follow
Russia and switch their US dollars to other reserve currencies
or hard money such as gold. The point is, the global money markets
are far ranging and very complex to figure, but it is simply
wrong to view Fed policy through a narrow domestic prism.
After a brutal sell-off in
from May 11th thru May 24th, the S&P 500 index recovered
half of its previous losses, while the US dollar stayed pinned
near its May lows. It is natural for bargain hunters to emerge
from the sidelines to pick up badly battered stocks after a sharp
downturn, and then spout reasons for others to join the buyers
bandwagon.
But expectations of a pause in the Fed's rate hike campaign,
due to a weak employment number in May, weaker housing stocks,
and an inverted yield curve, sound like better reasons to buy
5% Treasury bonds.
The Fed must choose its poison on June 29th, and if the central
bank decides to defend the US dollar with a rate hike to 5.25%,
then the post-May 24th rebound in the S&P 500 index would
unravel as a sucker's rally. A showdown with Iran's Ayatollah
could loom on the horizon with further instability in crude oil
prices. Please read our March 13th, 2006 report, "Countdown
to War with Iran? Mixed Signals" at
http://www.sirchartsalot.com/article.php?id=22.
And ironically, as was evident
in the month of May, the only way G-7 central bankers could put
a small dent in the "Commodity Super Cycle" and the
gold market, was to signal tighter monetary policies and accept
sharp declines in global stock markets, in order to lower inflation
expectations. Weaker stock markets are portrayed by schizophrenic
hedge fund traders as indications of a global economic slowdown,
which in turn, could lead to weaker demand for commodities.
Was the
global stock market shake-out in the month of May, the beginning
of a bear market or just another healthy correction of a longer
term bull market? To read our analysis and forecasts, and
learn about the basic fundamentals of how markets work for
the CRB index, global interest rates, major foreign equity markets,
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Gary Dorsch
SirChartsAlot
email: editor@sirchartsalot.com website: www.sirchartsalot.com
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Mr Dorsch worked on the trading floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for nine years as the chief Financial Futures Analyst for three clearing firms, Oppenheimer Rouse Futures Inc, GH Miller and Company, and a commodity fund at the LNS Financial Group. As a transactional broker for Charles Schwab's Global Investment Services department, Mr Dorsch handled thousands of customer trades in 45 stock exchanges around the world, including Australia, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong, the Euro zone, London, Toronto, South Africa, Mexico, and New Zealand, and Canadian oil trusts, ADRs and Exchange Traded Funds.
He wrote a weekly newsletter from 2000 thru September 2005 called,"Foreign Currency Trends" for Charles Schwab's Global Investment department, featuring inter-market technical analysis, to understand the dynamic inter relationships between the foreign exchange, global bond and stock markets, and key industrial commodities.
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