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Bill Bonner
Something awful is afoot, we think. But what? In almost every direction we look, we see people going about their business as if nothing were wrong. And yet, they say and do such strange things. One of the things that makes us feel like a very minor character in a very bad movie is the Fed's "emergency" 1% lending rate. Fed governors admit to no emergency. There is nothing to worry about, they say so often it makes us wonder. Inflation is no threat. Deflation is no problem. And yet, there must be some kind of 'flation somewhere. Why else would the Fed allow the money supply (M3) to increase at the astounding rate of $1 trillion per year? And why else would it lend money at less than the quoted rate at which it loses value? The CPI rose 1.7% last year - even by the government's own, fishy way of calculating it. Even in the best of circumstances, the Fed could not hope to get its money back... that is, unless things went really bad... and inflation sunk below zero. But this week brought news that inflation was headed in the opposite direction. Last month saw a .5% increase in consumer prices. Annualized, inflation is running at about 6 times the fed funds rate. "Specter of inflation reappears in the U.S.," warned the International Herald Tribune yesterday: "'We are nearing the end of a benign, unusual period of faster growth and lower inflation and moving into a period of slower growth and higher inflation,' said John Makin, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington." How Mr. Makin knows these things is anyone's guess. After repeated, embarrassing efforts here at the Daily Reckoning, we have given up pretending that we know anything at all, let alone anything about the future. But the folks at the American Enterprise Institute have flated out their opinions as if they were facts; in the gassy world of 2004, they think they know everything - or everything they need to know. Mr. Makin might be right about the direction of inflation. Then again, he might not. One guess is as good as another. There's nothing unusual about people claiming to know what they cannot. The editorial pages are full of such pretenders. What is extraordinary is that they are so confident about their claims. On the basis of a guess, they are willing to do things that in the past have almost always turned out to be ruinous. The Fed's 1% lending rate is a curiosity. It is extremely rare; a normal, sentient homo sapiens sapiens would consider it a mistake to bet the farm on it. But that is what people do. On the advice of the nation's leading mortgage advisor, Alan 'Bubbles' Greenspan, they refinance their homes at adjustable rates. Maybe rates will go up... maybe they won't. Our only point is that 1% is extraordinary, and it takes an extraordinarily confident investor to believe that extraordinary circumstances will last forever. A chart of short-term rates in Grant's Interest Rate Observer shows how extraordinary 1% is. Looking back to 1831, a 1% rate has been reached only two times - first in the 1930s... and again now. There is something unnatural about it, we conclude; it only happens when there is a crisis on the scale of the Great Depression. Surely, some crisis must be at hand, or afoot. But what? Looking casually at the chart, one sees that that short-term rates are usually around 5% - except in periods of crisis or inflation, when they can spike up as high as 35%, as they did in the Panic of 1837. Another thing you notice is that the pattern of short rates after the establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1913 is very different from the pattern pre-Fed. Before the Fed came into being, lenders must have expected to get back money of about the same value as the money they lent. There was no upward slope to the yield curve. In fact, rates more often tended to go down as the length of the loan increased. Investors who lent long-term during and after the depression... and right up to 1981... lost money. They lost much more money than stock market investors in the crash of '29 or, relatively, in the still-unfinished bear market of 2000-2002. Anyone who had offered a 30-year mortgage, for example, in the early '70s at 6% was practically wiped out a few years later by inflation. By 1981, short rates had risen to 16.3%. Long bonds and long mortgages, bought a few years earlier, were the subject of ridicule. Money was made by investors who lent at 16% in 1981. That too, was an extraordinary year... and hasn't been repeated since. Instead, rates went down for the next 22 years. At 16%, lenders had a lot to look forward to - high yields and capital gains, too. At 1%, there is little room on the downside for rates and little upside left for lenders. At today's rates, a person lending for 30 years is making an extraordinary gamble. The lending rate is lower than last month's inflation figure, annualized. If nothing changes, the reward he will get for letting out his money until 2034 will be substantially less than nothing. Who would take such a bet? Who would make a guess about something so far in the future and then stake his money on it? Only someone whose judgment has been flated by the heady vapors of the present. Still, the wicked thing coming our way could take rates lower... as happened in America in the '30s... and as happened in Japan in the '90s... and leave them there for a long time. The inflation people think they see coming could dally a long time before showing up. "Inflation looks to be next import from China," the International Herald Tribune follows up its inflation story today. China, growing at 9% per year, is gobbling up the world's resources and primary products - steel and oil, notably. The people who think they know what direction inflation will take also think they know what direction China's economy will take. They could be right. Or, they could be wrong. A letter to a colleague suggests that China's booming growth could come to a halt tomorrow: "I have been a resident of Tokyo since 1989 and although I'm not personally involved in business here, I teach at a college, I think you may be interested in my experiences as I lived through the tail end of Japan's bubble economy and of course through the prolonged decline. "Firstly I'd like to compare Tokyo in '89 with Shanghai in '03. On a visit to Shanghai last year the atmosphere felt curiously similar to how Tokyo felt in its bubble. This is a purely subjective opinion I hasten to add, but the air of optimism bordering on invincibility is almost exactly the same. I noticed a similar feeling in Thailand in '96-'97, where previously helpful people treated the passing tourist with disdain. "To return to Shanghai the trip from the airport to downtown has to be seen to be believed. The levels of construction projects are truly outrageous. To reiterate, this is purely a subjective opinion, but I sold all my Chinese investments shortly after returning, as the parallels to what I had witnessed in Tokyo were to me ominous." Now, we have nearly come back to where we began in the 1930s - with short rates near zero. If we were guessing, we would guess that the downwards trend still has a way to go. Today's ebullient world could collapse in a heap. China could blow up. The shortage of primary commodities could quickly turn into a glut. The Fed could cut rates, rather than hike them. We don't know.
But at least we know it. Editor's Note: Bill Bonner is the founder and editor of The Daily Reckoning. He is also the author, with Addison Wiggin, of the NY Times, Wall Street Journal and international bestseller: "Financial Reckoning Day: Surviving The Soft Depression of The 21st Century" (John Wiley & Sons). Also... don't miss Bill Bonner's special address, "Doom, Gloom, and Other Delights" at the Money Show in Las Vegas on May 13. For details and free admission, see: The Money Show |
